"Reach Out"
College Students' at Risk for Contracting HIV.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), virtually unknown twenty years ago, has become a leading cause of death among America’s largest minority groups. In less than two decades the AIDS pandemic has reached such levels among African Americans that it is silently stealing the next generation. The pattern of infection and disease within minority communities clearly indicates that colleges and universities have a role and responsibility to address the concerns of students from these communities.
Even though African Americans comprised only 12 percent of the total United States population in 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that of the more than 700,000 AIDS cases reported through 1999, African Americans accounted for:
• Racial and ethnic disparities in AIDS incidence are more striking for women and children than they are for men:
• Adult and adolescent blacks reported with AIDS in the United States, 21 percent are female. In comparison, among the general U.S. adult/adolescent population, 12 percent of people reported with AIDS cases are female.
• Six of every ten U.S. children with parentally acquired AIDS are black. More than 2,500 AIDS cases have been reported among black U.S. children under the age of 13, and 95 percent of them acquired HIV infection from their mothers during pregnancy or at birth.
The data on STD/HIV infection unequivocally show the youthful trend in the STD/HIV and AIDS pandemic, with the consequences for women much more serious than for men. It is my conviction that the academic community has a responsibility to students from these communities.
Developing Prevention Approaches on a University Campus
Campus programs that reach out to African Americans must be fully cognizant of the social and cultural contexts of the groups and combine that knowledge with an awareness of the internal heterogeneity of each group. Such programs must also reflect the unique culture and structure of the institution. These emphases mean that student affairs professionals face daunting challenges as they endeavor to deal with one of the most critical issues facing the African American communities.
The most effective and sustained campus-based STD/HIV and AIDS prevention programs must be integrated into the entire campus through partnerships between Student Affairs, campus constituencies and community organizations. These partnerships can be developed in a variety of venues including:
• Community organizations -- Within the surrounding communities, such organizations as the, the Red Cross; The office of Minority Health for the State of Missouri; NAACP; 100 Black Men, are promoting heightened emphases on STD/HIV and AIDS knowledge and prevention.
• Greek organizations -- Delta Sigma Theta, an African American sorority, has made STD/HIV and AIDS prevention a central issue. In addition, members of the fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha have expressed concerns to us. Both organizations have asked us to provide seminars and workshops on STD/HIV and AIDS prevention for their members.
• Women student groups -- Awareness of the rapid spread of STD/HIV and AIDS has heightened the concerns of women about the possibility of infection. Programs that not only educate, but also empower women students will have a broad impact on the campus.
In these efforts all of the educational materials must be carefully designed and tailored for the specific African American on campus, with an intuitive sense of the stigma as well as racialized context of the programs. When such understanding is present it will contribute to a vigorous response by students. Lack of such understanding can lead to more obstacles and barriers.
The dramatic rise in HIV/STD and AIDS in the academy and the African American community, along with heightened knowledge of the disease and fears of infection, have created a critical opportunity for the academy. The conditions are very favorable for programs that will promote healthy behavior and STD/HIV and AIDS prevention among students. However, creating effective programs will require leadership that has a clear vision and an extraordinary level of sensitivity and understanding.
Cooperative programs can be built with administration, faculty, students and external communities. The fear of stigma can be overcome and the code of silence broken through thoughtful strategies that are centered in the campus environment. The profound need as well as the community desires, make this an opportunity that should not be missed.
Because HIV/STD is transmitted primarily by behavior that can be modified (unprotected sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use) educational programs designed to influence appropriate behavior can be effective in controlling the epidemic. African Americans university students deserve primarily attention in these educational efforts.
A variety of factors place young people at increased risk for HIV infection and, therefore, call for early intervention. Puberty is a time of discovery, rousing feelings and investigation of new behaviors including engagement in unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners, and experimentation with substance use (alcohol, illicit drugs and other substances).
In addition, it is usually easier to modify risky behaviors of young people through behavior change interventions before they reach their adulthood with already established patterns of behaviors. Furthermore, if HIV/STD prevention in youth population fails, human and economic costs of adult AIDS cases will have devastating effect on economic, social, and even political stability of our community. Thus, HIV/STD/sex educational programs targeting African Americans university students are of paramount importance.
Background and current situation
Health education including education about HIV/STD, modes of their transmission and means of prevention as well as information on the harm of intravenous drug use is not included in the university programs. There is a persistent belief shared by society members as well that sex education itself will entice our adolescents into sexual activity. It follows that university and other educational and health facilities would better remain dormant about this topic or introduce sexuality in a context of fear and danger.
Historically, sexual abstinence, virginity, taboos on premarital sex and sex outside of marriage have been widely encouraged and promoted as a traditional cultural norms of society. This approach in its pure context is necessary and should be integrated in the programs aimed at adolescents’ education. At the same time, nowadays young people are getting confusing messages and are faced with double standards calling for virginity in females but allowing early sexual activity in males, exposed to sex, smoking and drinking media advertisements and movies.
This massive flow of “information” coming through our liberalized television and other mass media is readily absorbed by our adolescents since it fills the gaps in and satisfy their demands for information about sex, peer-acceptable behavior standards, and gender relations.
Although African Americans university students are at risk of becoming infected with and transmitting HIV/STD as they become sexually active, several studies have shown that they do not believe they are likely to become infected this denial of the risk combined with the engagement in casual sexual contacts and inconsistent use of condoms was found to be quite common.
No other setting can compete with the access to youth, well-established educational traditions, and capacity to teach African Americans university students. The university offers a channel to the community to introduce HIV/STD prevention initiatives and advocate policies that lessen discrimination. The university has access to adolescents at important stages in their lives when lifelong behaviors are shaped.
Program Consideration
Providing effective HIV/AIDS/education can seem intimidating because it means tackling potentially sensitive issues. However, it is ever more clear that youth must be at the center of strategies to curb HIV/AIDS. In addition, there are a lot of opportunities to contribute to the prevention of HIV epidemic in African Americans before they become older and engage in high-risk behaviors. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is very complex, and thus only a combination of different approaches can help succeed in prevention efforts among African Americans university students.
Community outreach programs
Community-based projects offer opportunities for African Americans university students to receive advice and information in more informal ways. In addition, adolescents outside of the university can be reached through community-based strategies. Community members have a huge potential to support and reinforce HIV prevention interventions talking to African Americans university students in a more informal and comprehensible manner.
The project will conduct the following activities:
• Information and education sessions for student leaders (focused communication skills relevant to reproductive health and using information/education/communication training materials).
• Training of student Leaders as, peer educators on HIV/STD prevention, reproductive health and the importance of safer sex.
• Peer educator- will led campaigns among Lincoln University community groups.
• uses drama groups, plays, and poems to disseminate HIV/STD -related information.
Reaching youth at specific risk
There is also a need to pay more attention to the needs of specific groups of young people who may be out of reach for and socially vulnerable. While this youth group, are the most disadvantaged in terms of HIV/STD infection rate, lack of knowledge, low awareness of and limited access to protective measures. Reaching at risk youth is a real challenge. It would require mobilization of resources, and outreach workers.
Factors such as peer pressure, lack of maturity, and alcohol and drug use put university students at risk for HIV/STD infection. university students may have unprotected sex while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, which they ordinarily might not do. Abandoning safer sex techniques, failing to use condoms correctly and consistently, and having sex while under the influence can lead to possible infection with HIV/STD. Also, date rape, an increasing problem on college campuses, is associated with alcohol use and may present a risk for infection.
Researchers have conducted many studies to determine whether the threat of HIV/STD infection causes university students to alter risky behaviors. Researchers have used Knowledge, HIV/STD prevention theorists believe that increased knowledge, along with positive attitudes and beliefs about HIV/STD, will lead to positive behavior changes, i.e., behaviors that are less risky, or safer, such as use of condoms, abstinence, and avoidance of risky situations. However, studies indicate that increased knowledge of HIV/STD does not always result in a positive behavior change. Use of alcohol or other drugs often alters judgments about the perceived risks of a particular situation.
Peer education programs often have been used to facilitate HIV/STD education, as well as general health education. Researchers have conducted numerous studies to determine the effectiveness of peer education programs and most show that knowledge and positive attitudes and beliefs increase as a result of peer education. However, behavior change is often extremely difficult to measure.
"Reach Out:" College Students' at Risk for Contracting HIV.
Mission
“Reach Out” hopes to serve as a catalyst for the effective development of long-term responses to the problem of HIV/STD and AIDS in the university community. through the expansion of education and prevention services directed African Americans students population at Lincoln University. The "Reach Out" program will work to increase the number of campus organizations, engaged in responding to HIV/STD issues.
To help our youth to develop healthy and responsible behavior patterns, and avoid HIV infection, it is not sufficient to only learn biomedical aspects of sexual and reproductive health. Equally important is learning how to cope with the increasing complex demands of relationships, particularly gender and conflict resolution: how to develop safe practices, and how to relate with the increase of African American people living with HIV and AIDS. The program will provide peer education in the form of Group Level (GL) and Health Communication Public Information (HCPI) interventions targeting the above-mentioned populations. The purpose is to reduce risky sexual behavior through the teaching of risk reduction skills.
Approach
There has been an increasing awareness in the health professions that many of the major health issues facing college students stem from lifestyle choices and behaviors, such as diet and exercise, consumption of alcohol and other drugs, and in this case unsafe sexual practices. This awareness has led to a greater focus on prevention efforts as a means for insuring good health. Prevention efforts are generally much less expensive than providing treatment later.
African Americans university students are at the centre of the STD/HIV /AIDS epidemic. The extent to which the services and information they receive, their behavior can help determine the quality of life of millions of people. Young adults are particularly susceptible to HIV infection. In the African American community, AIDS is shattering there opportunities for healthy adult lives. Nevertheless, it is young adults who offer the greatest hope for changing the course of the epidemic. More than half of those newly infected with HIV/AIDS are 15 to 24 years old, making young adults an essential focus of any HIV prevention efforts. We must also in a meaningful manner engage them in the fight against STD/HIV /AIDS.
Many prevention efforts in colleges and universities integrate peer involvement. In their "Bridges to Healthy Communities" for example: College service learning activities involve peer education programs to encourage students to adopt healthier lifestyles. Peer’s providing information about STD/HIV /AIDS is the focus of this project. TV is a powerful educational tools and this project will utilize it to expose students to the reality of HIV, AIDS, and other STDs. Community outreach and service-learning are two ways in which students can be educated about this issues.
By moving into more intensive and integrated efforts for health promotion such as peer education, and service learning opportunities, we are attempting to incorporate peer education as a focus of our programming efforts.
Its primary goals are:
• to challenge the attitudes and behavior of men that endanger both their own health and safety and that of women and children.
• for young people to develop the skills and power to diminish the impact of HIV/AIDS on the Lincoln University Community.
• teaching correct condom use, raising self-esteem, and improving negotiating skills among sexually active students. This will take the forms of group discussions, role plays, skills training, and lectures accompanied by discussion and films, including the participation of persons living with HIV/AIDS.
• students participating in the design of information, education, and communication modules. Student peer educators distributing condoms, brochures, pamphlets, information sheets, and videos.
• conduct educational workshops with groups of men and groups of both men and women. The sessions are held on the Lincoln University Campus, among other sites.
• facilitated discussions to explore such issues as gender, traditional gender roles, gender power dynamics, gender stereotypes, and male and female views of gender. One of the key strategies is to broaden men's awareness of the inequities between men and women.
• provide information on such related topics as HIV/STD prevention, healthy relationships, sexual rights, sexual violence, and domestic violence. Those who attend the workshop are continually encouraged to ask themselves how each issue affects men and women differently.
• provided HIV/STI-related education for adolescents and young adults of the Lincoln University Community, as well as promote risk awareness and safer sexual behavior by developing training programs.
• To address the particular vulnerability of women’s issues related to HIV/STD and AIDS. This topic will be the focus of a half hour video highlighting those particular issues facing women. The goals of this Video is: To prevent the spread of STD/HIV infection; To reach at risk populations identifying at risk populations and effective strategies for HIV prevention; To promotes an effective strategy for reaching underserved African Americans university women, with prevention education; and To provide a forum in which women can work together to maximize the use of scarce resources to address the complex prevention issues and needs surrounding STD/HIV /AIDS.
In particular, the program is constructed around the following premises:
• Gender inequities enable men to exercise control over women's reproductive choices.
• The risky behaviors that current gender roles encourage in men also endanger men's own health.
• Men have a vested interest in changing current gender roles, for the sake of their own health as well as that of their female partners.
• The most effective approach to HIV/STD prevention and care is long-term, interactive education that incorporates life skills.
• HIV/STD education should begin at each person's existing level of knowledge and behavior. Strong cultural norms encourage risk-taking behavior, but promoting a return to a different era is not the antidote to these norms.
• Young people having benefited from training are most effective in teaching other young people about HIV/STD. Youth are best equipped to discuss with their peers such issues as sex, risk behavior, and protection, including condoms.
• Young people should be informed about and involved in effecting policy change. To build the leadership skills they need to help effect change in their communities, young people must be respected, trusted, and believed.
• Effective HIV/STD education requires cooperation with people infected with and affected by HIV/STD in focus communities.